Atrial fibrillation has been associated with stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Although several studies have recently put forward a connection between atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death, whether the arrhythmia should be regarded as an independent predictor of potentially harmful ventricular tachycardias is not utterly clear. Nor have the underlying mechanisms been thoroughly investigated yet. A cause-effect relationship seems to be involved in some cases. In other clinical scenarios, however, atrial fibrillation could be a mere expression of the severity of the underlying structural or electrical heart disease, therefore playing an unremarkable pathophysiologic role in this setting. Moreover, despite some exceptions, current guidelines do not provide a straightforward approach to identify which patients with atrial fibrillation bear a greater risk of sudden cardiac death. The aim of this review is to discuss the available clinical evidence in this field, suggesting a pathophysiologic sequence and a patient-tailored approach for an effective risk stratification and management of patients with atrial fibrillation.Colchicine is one of the more ancient drugs of vegetal origin still in use in clinical practice. It has been used for centuries as drug to treat gout, but its anti-inflammatory effects made it efficacious also in different cardiovascular indications (e.g. pericarditis, acute and chronic coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation), that are well beyond its original indication. The treatment and prevention of pericarditis is the only registered cardiovascular indication in Italy (allowing prescription in class A by the National Healthcare System), while other indications are off-label. When used at low doses (0.5 mg/day), the drug is safe and efficacious with limited side effects, mainly gastrointestinal. Gastrointestinal absorption is fast since the drug is a small lipophilic molecule that is eliminated by cells through P-glycoprotein. Colchicine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the liver and mainly excreted into the biliary tract. It is also excreted, essentially unmodified, by the kidneys. It is concentrated in white blood cells, especially neutrophils, that are without P-glycoprotein. In these cells, blocking tubulin polymerization, colchicine reduces their function, also interfering with endothelial adhesion and platelet interactions. Moreover, it is responsible for a non-specific inhibition of the inflammasome, thus reducing the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1. The aim of this paper is to provide concise replies to the most common clinical questions on the use of colchicine for cardiovascular indications.Growing evidence about COVID-19 and its possible cardiopulmonary complications have raised concerns about a potential subclinical heart damage even in asymptomatic patients. Many countries worldwide provided recommendations for a safe return to play and sports activity for athletes with previous COVID-19 disease. Italy was among the first nations to deal with the problem of protecting athletes' health. In this regard, after an initial version released on April 2020, on December 11, 2020 the Italian Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI) updated the recommendations for the return play of non-professional athletes. The purpose of this article is to analyze and deepen the contents of the new FMSI recommendations, integrating and comparing them with the previous ones. Further updates may occur if new scientific and epidemiological evidence will rise regarding COVID-19.Cardiac surgery roots date back to the first half of the last century. Subsequently, thanks to the heart-lung machine development, which allowed to operate within the cardiac chambers under direct vision, the huge potentials of this discipline in cardiovascular disease treatment have fully manifested. In the following years, until the end of the last century, the surgical treatment of heart disease progressed steadily and consistently. From the beginning of the millennium, the discipline of cardiac surgery underwent a strong evolutionary process with the advent of minimally invasive procedures and transcatheter techniques. In this article we will briefly review the history of the evolution of cardiac surgery. Finally, possible future perspectives will be outlined.Immunoglobulins (Ig) play an important role in the immune system both when expressed as antigen receptors on the cell surface of B cells and as antibodies secreted into extracellular fluids. The advent of high-throughput sequencing methods has enabled the investigation of human Ig repertoires at unprecedented depth. This has led to the discovery of many previously unreported germline Ig alleles. Moreover, it is becoming clear that convergent and stereotypic antibody responses are common where different individuals recognise defined antigenic epitopes with the use of the same Ig V genes. Thus, germline V gene variation is increasingly being linked to the differential capacity of generating an effective immune response, which might lead to varying disease susceptibility. Here, we review recent evidence of how germline variation in Ig genes impacts the Ig repertoire and its subsequent effects on the adaptive immune response in vaccination, infection, and autoimmunity.Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder with overlapping features of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Median overall survival of this aggressive myeloid malignancy is only 2-3 years, with a 15-30% risk of acute leukemic transformation. The paucity of clinical trials specifically designed for CMML has made therapeutic management of CMML patients challenging. As a result, treatment paradigms for CMML patients are largely borrowed from MDS and MPN. The standard of care still relies on hydroxyurea, hypomethylating agents (HMA), and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, this latter option remaining the only potentially curative therapy. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Idarubicin.html To date, approved drugs for CMML treatment are HMA, including azacitidine, decitabine, and more recently the oral combination of decitabine and cedazuridine. However, HMA treatment does not meaningfully alter the natural course of this disease. New treatment approaches for improving CMML-associated cytopenias or targeting the CMML malignant clone are emerging.